Tratamiento no hormonal del síndrome genitourinario de la menopausia

Non-hormonal treatment of genitourinary syndrome of menopause Non-hormonal treatment of genitourinary syndrome of menopause

Publicado 2021-04-20


https://doi.org/10.30554/archmed.21.2.3996.2021
Abrir | Descargar
PDF FLIP HTML epub XML
Número
Vol. 21 Núm. 2 (2021): .
Sección
Artículos de Revisión
Cómo citar
Espitia de la Hoz, F. J. (2021). Tratamiento no hormonal del síndrome genitourinario de la menopausia: Non-hormonal treatment of genitourinary syndrome of menopause. Archivos De Medicina, 21(2). https://doi.org/10.30554/archmed.21.2.3996.2021
Descargar cita
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX
DOI

https://doi.org/10.30554/archmed.21.2.3996.2021
Dimensions
PlumX

Cómo citar

Espitia de la Hoz, F. J. (2021). Tratamiento no hormonal del síndrome genitourinario de la menopausia: Non-hormonal treatment of genitourinary syndrome of menopause. Archivos De Medicina, 21(2). https://doi.org/10.30554/archmed.21.2.3996.2021

Descargar cita

Licencia
Creative Commons License

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.

Franklin José Espitia de la Hoz
Director Científico: Hathor, Clínica Sexológica. Armenia, Quindío
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4581-9680 ORCID
Mostrar biografía de los autores

Franklin José Espitia de la Hoz,

Especialista Ginecología y Obstetricia, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada. Uroginecología y cirugía reconstructiva del piso pélvico / UNal, FUCS, Unicamp (Brasil). Máster en Sexología: Educación y asesoramiento sexual, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares. Fellow of the American College of Ginecology and Obstetric. Presidente de la Asociación Colombiana de Menopausia (Eje Cafetero). Director Científico: Hathor, Clínica Sexológica. Armenia, Quindío.

El síndrome genitourinario de la menopausia (SGUM) describe los síntomas y signos vulvo-vaginales y del tracto urinario inferior, de carácter crónico y progresivo, secundario a un estado clínico de hipoestrogenismo que caracteriza a la postmenopausia.
La presente revisión tiene como objetivo describir y analizar las diferentes alternativas terapéuticas no hormonales, con sus ventajas y desventajas, a fin de ofrecerle a los lectores una completa variedad de opciones a la hora de establecer el tratamiento en
una mujer con SGUM. Se ha realizado una búsqueda en bases de datos, incluyendo
investigaciones originales, consensos de expertos, revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis.
Se ha revisado la evidencia actual para diversas modalidades terapéuticas farmacológicas
y no farmacológicas (no hormonales), encontrando que los hidratantes y los lubricantes son la primera línea terapéutica para proporcionar alivio, a corto plazo, de la sequedad vaginal (leve a moderada) y la dispareunia; sin embargo, el tratamiento ha de
ser individualizado. Existen numerosos tratamientos disponibles, cada uno con beneficios y limitaciones y se destacan las sustanciales lagunas, en la evidencia científica, de terapias seguras y efectivas, así como la necesidad de realizar investigaciones futuras.

Visitas del artículo 2198 | Visitas PDF 2048

Descargas

Los datos de descarga todavía no están disponibles.
  1. Portman DJ, Gass ML. Genitourinary syndrome
  2. of menopause: new terminology for vulvovaginal
  3. atrophy from the International Society for
  4. the Study of Women’s Sexual Health and The
  5. North American Menopause Society. Menopause.
  6. ; 21(10):1063–8.
  7. DOI: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000329
  8. Espitia-De La Hoz FJ, Orozco-Gallego H. Estriol
  9. vs estrógenos conjugados de origen equino
  10. en el tratamiento del síndrome genitourinario
  11. de la menopausia. Ginecol Obstet Mex. 2018;
  12. (2):117-26.
  13. https://doi.org/10.24245/gom.v86i2.1881
  14. Moral E, Delgado JL, Carmona F, Caballero B,
  15. Guillán C, González PM, et al. Genitourinary
  16. syndrome of menopause. Prevalence and
  17. quality of life in Spanish postmenopausal
  18. women. The GENISSE study. Climacteric. 2018;
  19. (2):167-73.
  20. https://doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2017.1421921
  21. Nappi RE, Kokot-Kierepa M. Vaginal health:
  22. insights, views and attitudes (VIVA) – results
  23. from an international survey. Climacteric. 2012;
  24. (1):36–44.
  25. https://doi.org/10.3109/13697137.2011.647840
  26. Espitia-De La Hoz FJ. Prevalence of genitourinary
  27. syndrome of menopause and impact on sexuality
  28. of women in Quindío (Colombia), 2013-2016. Rev
  29. Colomb Obstet Ginecol. 2018; 69(4):249-259.
  30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18597/rcog.3111
  31. The North American Menopause Society. The 2020
  32. genitourinary syndrome of menopause position
  33. statement of The North American Menopause
  34. Society. Menopause. 2020; 27(9):976-992.
  35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000001609
  36. Stumpf PG, Trolice MP. Compliance problems with
  37. hormone replacement therapy. Obstet Gynecol
  38. Clin North Am. 1994; 21(2):219-229.
  39. Espitia-De La Hoz FJ, Orozco-Gallego H. Abordaje
  40. diagnóstico y terapéutico del síndrome genitourinario
  41. en la menopausia; actualización. Rev Med
  42. UCR. 2017; 11(2):67-84.
  43. https://doi.org/10.15517/rmucr.v11i2.34580
  44. Palacios S, Mejía A, Neyro JL. Treatment of the
  45. genitourinary syndrome of menopause. Climacteric.
  46. ; 18 (Suppl 1):23-29.
  47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13697137.2015.1079100
  48. Gandhi J, Chen A, Dagur G, Suh Y, Smith N, Cali B,
  49. et al. Genitourinary syndrome of menopause: an
  50. overview of clinical manifestations, pathophysiology,
  51. etiology, evaluation, and management. Am
  52. J Obstet Gynecol. 2016; 215(6):704-711.
  53. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.07.045
  54. Leiblum S, Bachmann G, Kemmann E, Colburn D,
  55. Swartzman L. Vaginal atrophy in the postmenopausal
  56. woman. The importance of sexual activity
  57. and hormones. JAMA. 1983; 249(16):2195-
  58. Mercier J, Morin M, Zaki D, Reichetzer B, Lemieux
  59. MC, Khalifé S, et al. Pelvic floor muscle training
  60. as a treatment for genitourinary syndrome of
  61. menopause: A single-arm feasibility study. Maturitas.
  62. ; 125:57-62.
  63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.03.002
  64. Edwards D, Panay N. Treating vulvovaginal
  65. atrophy/genitourinary syndrome of menopause:
  66. how important is vaginal lubricant and
  67. moisturizer composition? Climacteric. 2016;
  68. (2):151-161.
  69. https://doi.org/10.3109/13697137.2015.1124259
  70. Bygdeman M, Swahn ML. Replens versus dienoestrol
  71. cream in the symptomatic treatment
  72. of vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women.
  73. Maturitas. 1996; 23(3):259-263.
  74. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-5122(95)00955-8
  75. Nachtigall LE. Comparative study: Replens versus
  76. local estrogen in menopausal women. Fertil Steril.
  77. ; 61(1):178-180.
  78. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(16)56474-7
  79. Jozkowski KN, Herbenick D, Schick V, Reece M,
  80. Sanders SA, Fortenberry JD. Women’s perceptions
  81. about lubricant use and vaginal wetness
  82. during sexual activities. J Sex Med. 2013;
  83. (2):484-492.
  84. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12022
  85. Hickey M, Saunders C, Partridge A, Santoro N, Joffe
  86. H, Stearns V. Practical clinical guidelines for
  87. assessing and managing menopausal symptoms
  88. after breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2008; 19(10):1669-
  89. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdn353
  90. Lester J, Pahouja G, Andersen B, Lustberg M.
  91. Atrophic vaginitis in breast cancer survivors:
  92. a difficult survivorship issue. J Pers Med. 2015;
  93. (2):50-66. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm5020050
  94. Tomihata K, Ikada Y. Crosslinking of hyaluronic
  95. acid with water-soluble carbodiimide. J Biomed
  96. Mater Res. 1997; 37(2):243-251.
  97. h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 1 0 0 2 / ( s i c i ) 1 0 9 7 -
  98. (199711)37:2<243::aid-jbm14>3.0.co;2-f
  99. Chen J, Geng L, Song X, Li H, Giordan N, Liao
  100. Q. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of
  101. hyaluronic acid vaginal gel to ease vaginal
  102. dryness: a multicenter, randomized, controlled,
  103. open-label, parallel-group, clinical trial. J Sex
  104. Med. 2013; 10(6):1575-1584.
  105. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12125
  106. Jokar A, Davari T, Asadi N, Ahmadi F, Foruhari
  107. S. Comparison of the Hyaluronic Acid Vaginal
  108. Cream and Conjugated Estrogen Used in
  109. Treatment of Vaginal Atrophy of Menopause Women:
  110. A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Int J
  111. Community Based Nurs Midwifery. 2016; 4(1):69-78.
  112. Espitia-De La Hoz FJ; Orozco-Gallego H; Echeverri-
  113. Ocampo L. Terapia hormonal y no hormonal en
  114. la vaginitis atrófica posmenopáusica: cura y
  115. satisfacción a mediano y a largo plazo de los síntomas.
  116. Rev. Col. De Menopausia. 2016; 22(1):8-17.
  117. Mitchell CM, Guthrie KA, Larson J, Diem S, La-
  118. Croix AZ, Caan B, et al. Sexual frequency and
  119. pain in a randomized clinical trial of vaginal
  120. estradiol tablets, moisturizer, and placebo in
  121. postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2019;
  122. (8):816-822.
  123. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000001341
  124. Grimaldi EF, Restaino S, Inglese S, Foltran L, Sorz A,
  125. Di Lorenzo G, et al. Role of high molecular weight
  126. hyaluronic acid in postmenopausal vaginal
  127. discomfort. Minerva Ginecol. 2012; 64(4):321-329
  128. Ekin M, Yaşar L, Savan K, Temur M, Uhri M, Gencer
  129. I, et al. The comparison of hyaluronic acid
  130. vaginal tablets with estradiol vaginal tablets in
  131. the treatment of atrophic vaginitis: a randomized
  132. controlled trial. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011;
  133. (3):539-543.
  134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-010-1382-8
  135. Boselli F, Petrella E, Campedelli A, Muzi M, Rullo
  136. V, Ascione L, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of
  137. fitostimoline (vaginal cream, ovules, and vaginal
  138. washing) and of benzydamine hydrochloride
  139. (tantum rosa vaginal cream and vaginal washing)
  140. in the topical treatment of symptoms of bacterial
  141. vaginosis. ISRN Obstet Gynecol. 2012; 2012:1-5.
  142. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/183403
  143. Sanguigno L, Minale M, Vannini E, Arato G, Riccio
  144. R, Casapullo A, et al. Oligosaccharidic fractions
  145. derived from Triticum vulgare extract accelerate
  146. tissutal repairing processes in in vitro and in
  147. vivo models of skin lesions. J Ethnopharmacol.
  148. ; 159:198-208.
  149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.10.051
  150. D’Agostino A, Pirozzi AVA, Finamore R, Grieco F,
  151. Minale M, Schiraldi C. Molecular Mechanisms at
  152. the Basis of Pharmaceutical Grade Triticum vulgare
  153. Extract Efficacy in Prompting Keratinocytes
  154. Healing. Molecules. 2020; 25(3):1-14.
  155. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030431
  156. Sanguigno L, Casamassa A, Funel N, Minale M,
  157. Riccio R, Riccio S, et al. Triticum vulgare extract
  158. exerts an anti-inflammatory action in two in vitro
  159. models of inflammation in microglial cells. PLOS
  160. ONE. 2018; 13(6):1-7.
  161. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197493
  162. Funel N, Dini V, Janowska A, Loggini V, Minale M,
  163. Grieco F, et al. Triticum vulgare extract modulates
  164. protein-kinase b and matrix metalloproteinases
  165. protein expression in bv-2 cells: Bioactivity
  166. on inflammatory pathway associated with molecular
  167. mechanism wound healing. Mediators of
  168. Inflammation. 2020; 2020: 1-13.
  169. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2851949
  170. Antonucci I, Fiorentino G, Contursi P, Minale M,
  171. Riccio R, Riccio S, et al. Antioxidant Capacity of
  172. Rigenase®, a Specific Aqueous Extract of Triticum
  173. vulgare. Antioxidants (Basel). 2018; 7(5):1-6.
  174. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox7050067
  175. Boselli F, Petrella E, Campedelli A, Muzi M, Rullo
  176. V, Ascione L, et al. Efficacy and Tolerability of
  177. Fitostimoline (Vaginal Cream, Ovules, and VaginalWashing)
  178. and of Benzydamine Hydrochloride
  179. (Tantum Rosa Vaginal Cream and VaginalWashing)
  180. in the Topical Treatment of Symptoms of
  181. Bacterial Vaginosis. ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology.
  182. ; 2012:1-5.
  183. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/183403
  184. Parihar A, Parihar MS, Milner S, Bhat S. Oxidative
  185. stress and anti-oxidative mobilization in burn
  186. injury. Burns. 2008; 34(1):6-17.
  187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2007.04.009
  188. Coutiño-Mata JJ, Cuenca-Pardo J, Álvarez-Díaz CJ,
  189. Villaseñor Ferreira A. Manejo de las áreas donadoras
  190. de injertos de piel tratadas con gasa con
  191. Triticum vulgare vs gasa con petrolato. Cirugía
  192. Plástica. 2002; 12(2):61-64.
  193. Romanelli M, Macchia M, Panduri S, Paggi B,
  194. Saponati-Dini V. Clinical evaluation of the efficacy
  195. and safety of a medical device in various forms
  196. containing Triticum vulgare for the treatment of
  197. venous leg ulcers - a randomized pilot study.
  198. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015; 9:2787-2792.
  199. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S82712
  200. Martini P, Mazzatenta C, Saponati G. Efficacy
  201. and tolerability of fitostimoline in two different
  202. forms (soaked gauzes and cream) and citrizan
  203. gel in the topical treatment of second-degree
  204. superficial cutaneous burns. Dermatol Res
  205. Pract. 2011; 2011:1-9.
  206. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/978291
  207. Mollica G, Bonaccorsi G, Martinello R. Evaluation of
  208. efficacy and tolerability of Fitostimoline vaginal
  209. cream (Damor Farmaceutici) in the treatment
  210. of vaginal inflammation and vulvar dystrophy:
  211. A double-blind randomized controlled trial.
  212. Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze
  213. Mediche. 2008; 167(3):87-95.
  214. Mainini G. Treatment of Vaginal Atrophy with the
  215. Aqueous Extract of Triticum vulgare: Comparison
  216. between Different Pharmaceutical Forms.
  217. ARCH Women Health Care. 2020; 3(3):1-4.
  218. Rashidi-Fakari F, Simbar M, Nasab MB, Ghazanfarpour
  219. M, Rashidi-Fakari F. A Review of Pharmacological
  220. Treatments for Vaginal Atrophy in
  221. Postmenopausal Women in Iran. J Menopausal
  222. Med. 2020; 26(2):104-111.
  223. https://doi.org/10.6118/jmm.19021
  224. Ghazanfarpour M, Sadeghi R, Roudsari RL. The
  225. application of soy isoflavones for subjective
  226. symptoms and objective signs of vaginal atrophy
  227. in menopause: A systematic review of randomised
  228. controlled trials. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2016;
  229. (2):160-171.
  230. https://doi.org/10.3109/01443615.2015.1036409
  231. Bouchard C. Herbal alternatives as substitutes for
  232. hormone therapy in urogenital atrophy: scientific
  233. evidence is needed. Menopause. 2008; 15(1):12-
  234. https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e31815b7553
  235. Reed SD, Newton KM, LaCroix AZ, Grothaus LC,
  236. Grieco VS, Ehrlich K. Vaginal, endometrial, and
  237. reproductive hormone findings: randomized,
  238. placebo-controlled trial of black cohosh, multibotanical
  239. herbs, and dietary soy for vasomotor
  240. symptoms: the Herbal Alternatives for Menopause
  241. (HALT) Study. Menopause. 2008; 15(1):51-58.
  242. DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e318057787f
  243. Castelo-Branco C, Hernández-Angeles LCE. Síndrome
  244. genitourinario de la menopausia: revisión.
  245. Rev. Col. De Menopausia. 2015; 21(2):25-36.
  246. Sandhu RS, Wong TH, Kling CA, Chohan KR. In
  247. vitro effects of coital lubricants and synthetic
  248. and natural oils on sperm motility. Fertil Steril.
  249. ; 101(4):941-944.
  250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.12.024
  251. Brown JM, Hess KL, Brown S, Murphy C, Waldman
  252. AL, Hezareh M. Intravaginal practices and risk
  253. of bacterial vaginosis and candidiasis infection
  254. among a cohort of women in the United States.
  255. Obstet Gynecol. 2013; 121(4):773-780.
  256. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e31828786f8
  257. Sarebani Z, Alimoradi Z, Aali E, Mirzadeh M, Chegini
  258. V, Abbaspour M, et al. Investigating the effect of
  259. vitamin D vaginal suppository on sexual function
  260. among postmenopausal women: study protocol
  261. for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Women’s
  262. Health. 2020; 20(27):1-8.
  263. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-020-00899-6
  264. Lee A, Lee MR, Lee HH, Kim YS, Kim JM, Enkhbold
  265. T, et al. Vitamin D Proliferates Vaginal Epithelium
  266. through RhoA Expression in Postmenopausal
  267. Atrophic Vagina tissue. Molecules and Cells. 2017;
  268. (9):677-684.
  269. https://doi.org/10.14348/molcells.2017.0026
  270. Riazi H, Ghazanfarpour M, Taebi M, Abdolahian
  271. S. Effect of Vitamin D on the Vaginal Health of
  272. Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review. J
  273. Menopausal Med. 2019; 25(3):109-116.
  274. https://doi.org/10.6118/jmm.19194
  275. Rad P, Tadayon M, Abbaspour M, Latifi SM, Rashidi
  276. I, Delaviz H. The effect of vitamin D on vaginal
  277. atrophy in postmenopausal women. Iran J Nurs
  278. Midwifery Res. 2015; 20(2):211-215.
  279. Keshavarzi Z, Janghorban R, Alipour S, Tahmasebi
  280. S, Jokar A. The effect of vitamin D and E vaginal
  281. suppositories on tamoxifen-induced vaginal
  282. atrophy in women with breast cancer. Support
  283. Care Cancer. 2019; 27(4):1325-1334.
  284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-019-04684-6
  285. Ziagham S, Abbaspour Z, Abbaspour MR. The
  286. comparison betweenthe effects of hyaluronic
  287. acid vaginal suppository and vitamin E on the
  288. treatment of atrophic vaginitis in menopausal
  289. women. J Arak Uni Med Sci. 2012; 15(6):57-64.
  290. Angelou K, Grigoriadis T, Diakosavvas M, Zacharakis
  291. D, Athanasiou S. The Genitourinary Syndrome of
  292. Menopause: An Overview of the Recent Data.
  293. Cureus. 2020; 12(4):1-9.
  294. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7586
  295. Costantino D, Guaraldi C. Effectiveness and safety
  296. of vaginal suppositories for the treatment of the
  297. vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: an
  298. open, non-controlled clinical trial. Eur Rev Med
  299. Pharmacol Sci. 2008; 12(6):411-416.
  300. Parnan-Emamverdikhan A, Golmakani N, Tabassi
  301. SA, Hassanzadeh M, Sharifi N, Shakeri MT. A
  302. survey of the therapeutic effects of Vitamin E
  303. suppositories on vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal
  304. women. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2016;
  305. (5):475-481.
  306. https://doi.org/10.4103/1735-9066.193393
  307. Golmakani N, Parnan-Emamverdikhan A, Zarifian A,
  308. Sajadi-Tabassi SA, Hassanzadeh M. Vitamin E as
  309. alternative local treatment in genitourinary syndrome
  310. of menopause: a randomized controlled
  311. trial. Int Urogynecol J. 2019; 30(5):831-837.
  312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-018-3698-z
  313. Hobson R. Vitamin E and wound healing: an evidence-
  314. based review. Int Wound J. 2016; 13(3):331-
  315. https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.12295
  316. The North American Menopause Society. Management
  317. of symptomatic vulvovaginal atrophy: 2013
  318. position statement of The North American Menopause
  319. Society. Menopause. 2013; 20(9):888-902.
  320. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0b013e3182a122c2
  321. Goetsch MF, Lim JY, Caughey AB. A Practical Solution
  322. for Dyspareunia in Breast Cancer Survivors:
  323. A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2015;
  324. (30):3394-3400.
  325. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.60.7366
  326. Arunkalaivanan A, Kaur H, Onuma O. Laser therapy
  327. as a treatment modality for genitourinary
  328. syndrome of menopause: a critical appraisal of
  329. evidence. Int Urogynecol J. 2017; 28(5):681-685.
  330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-017-3282-y
  331. Archivos de Medicina Volumen 21 Nº 2 - Julio-Diciembre de 2021
  332. Universidad de Manizales - Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud
  333. Cruz VL, Steiner ML, Pompei LM, Strufaldi R,
  334. Fonseca FLA, Santiago LHS, et al. Randomized,
  335. double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial for
  336. evaluating the efficacy of fractional CO2 laser
  337. compared with topical estriol in the treatment
  338. of vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women.
  339. Menopause. 2018; 25(1):21-28.
  340. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000000955
  341. Sokol ER, Karram MM. An assessment of the
  342. safety and efficacy of a fractional CO2 laser
  343. system for the treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy.
  344. Menopause. 2016; 23(10):1102-1107.
  345. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.000000000000070
  346. Filippini M, Luvero D, Salvatore S, Pieralli A, Montera
  347. R, Plotti F, et al. Efficacy of fractional CO2
  348. laser treatment in postmenopausal women with
  349. genitourinary syndrome: a multicenter study.
  350. Menopause. 2020; 27(1):43-49.
  351. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000001428
  352. Millheiser LS, Pauls RN, Herbst SJ, Chen BH. Radiofrequency
  353. treatment of vaginal laxity after
  354. vaginal delivery: nonsurgical vaginal tightening.
  355. J Sex Med. 2010; 7(9):3088-3095.
  356. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01910.x
  357. Wańczyk-Baszak J, Woźniak S, Milejski B, Paszkowski
  358. T. Genitourinary syndrome of menopause
  359. treatment using lasers and temperature-controlled
  360. radiofrequency. Prz Menopauza lny. 2018;
  361. (4):180-184.
  362. https://doi.org/10.5114/pm.2018.81743
  363. Espitia-De La Hoz FJ. Efficacy and tolerance of
  364. policresulen in the treatment of the genitourinary
  365. syndrome of menopause. Int J Fam Commun Med.
  366. ; 3(3):132-136.
  367. https://doi.org/10.15406/ijfcm.2019.03.00145
  368. Espitia-De La Hoz FJ. Efectividad y seguridad del
  369. policresuleno en el tratamiento del síndrome
  370. genitourinario de la menopausia. Estudio controlado
  371. y aleatorizado. Arch Med (Manizales). 2020;
  372. (2):282-294.
  373. https://doi.org/10.30554/archmed.20.2.3756
  374. Kechagia M, Basoulis D, Konstantopoulou S, Dimitriadi
  375. D, Gyftopoulou K, Skarmoutsou N, et al.
  376. Health benefits of probiotics: a review. ISRN Nutr.
  377. ; 2013:1-8. https://doi.org/10.5402/2013/481651
  378. Falagas ME, Betsi GI, Athanasiou S. Probiotics
  379. for the treatment of women with bacterial vaginosis.
  380. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007; 13(7):657-664.
  381. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01688.x
  382. Muhleisen AL, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. Menopause
  383. and the vaginal microbiome. Maturitas. 2016;
  384. :42-50.
  385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.05.015
  386. Pushkar D, Gvozdev MY. Dynamics of symptoms
  387. of genitourinary menopausal syndrome and
  388. the frequency of recurrence of lower urinary
  389. tract infection in women in peri-and postmenopausal
  390. patients with combined therapy with
  391. Trioginal. Gynecology. 2018; 20(6):67-72.
  392. https://doi.org/10.26442/20795696.2018.6.180119
  393. Kuzmenko-Kuzmenko AV, Kuzmenko-Kuzmenko
  394. VV, Gyaurgiev-Gyaurgiev TA. Experience of
  395. application of hormonal and probiotic therapy
  396. in the complex treatment of women in peri- and
  397. postmenopausal with chronic recurrent bacterial
  398. cystitis in the background of vulvovaginal
  399. atrophy. Urologia. 2019; 3:66-71.
  400. DOI: 10.18565/urology.2019.3.66-71
  401. The NAMS 2017 Hormone Therapy Position Statement
  402. Advisory Panel. The 2017 hormone therapy
  403. position statement of The North American Menopause
  404. Society. Menopause. 2017; 24(7):728-753.
  405. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000000921
  406. Palacios S, Cancelo-Hidalgo MJ, González SP,
  407. Manubens M, Sánchez-Borrego R. Síndrome genitourinario
  408. de la menopausia: recomendaciones
  409. de la Sociedad Española de Ginecología y Obstetricia.
  410. Prog Obstet Ginecol. 2019; 62(2):141-148.
  411. https://doi.org/10.20960/j.pog.00182

Información

Palabras clave

Código QR

Sistema OJS 3.4.0.10 - Metabiblioteca |