Efecto antidepresivo de la Ketamina intranasal en el cuidado paliativo de pacientes con cáncer terminal
Antidepressant effect of intranasal ketamine in the palliative care of terminally ill cancer patients
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Antecedentes: Los pacientes con cáncer son más propensos a presentar trastornos afectivos. Los tratamientos antidepresivos requieren semanas para surtir efecto. La evidencia sugiere que la ketamina suministrada por cualquier vía trata estos síntomas, convirtiéndola en una alternativa para los pacientes oncológicos que presentan depresión, ansiedad e ideación suicida. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio aleatorizado, doble ciego y controlado con placebo en 142 participantes con cáncer. Se administró ketamina a 0.5 mg/kg y 1 ml de solución salina al 0.9% por vía intranasal cada seis horas durante 3 días. El criterio utilizado para evaluar la eficacia fue la puntuación total en la Escala de valoración de la depresión de Montgomery-Åsberg. Además, se analizaron el tiempo de respuesta y los eventos adversos al tratamiento. Resultados: La edad media fue de 69.11±9.77 años. El carcinoma más frecuente fue el tumor de cabeza pancreática (44.37%). Los trastornos afectivos mejoraron significativamente solo en el Grupo A (p<0.001). La tasa de respuesta a la ketamina fue del 66.7%. El grupo B presentó mejorías inducidas por el efecto placebo, pero no se encontraron diferencias significativas (p=0.32). El principal efecto secundario fueron las náuseas en ambos casos. Conclusiones: La ketamina administrada por vía intranasal es una terapia segura, eficaz y rápida para reducir los efectos antidepresivos y mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes con cáncer. La tasa de respuesta es similar a otros estudios. Los efectos adversos pueden ser una limitación para su aplicación.
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